article : The Group Animal of Reptiles

By Regina Bailey, About.com
Reptiles have been around for a long time. They are believed to have evolved from amphibians and have developed several adaptations for life out of water. Reptiles range in size from the green anole (5 to 8 inches) to the crocodile (23 feet). Reptiles can also live in habitats ranging from swamps to deserts. This great diversity among reptiles is one of the reasons they have managed to survive.

One major characteristic of reptiles is the presence of scales composed of a protein called keratin. These scales form a waterproof barrier of skin, which allows reptiles to exist away from water without the threat of dehydration. Another characteristic is the regulation of internal body temperature by the external absorption of heat. Thus, reptiles are ectothermic. Unlike endothermic creatures, which must use calories from food to regulate body temperature, reptiles don't require much food to maintain body temperature and survive.

Reproductively, they can lay eggs on land due to the development of a protective shell around the egg. However, these eggs must be fertilized inside the female before the shell forms.

The reptilia class can be divided into three main orders: squamata, chelonia, and crocodilia.

Squamata (includes lizards and snakes)

• Lizards outnumber all other reptiles. They are generally small and very diverse.
  
  
• Snakes are closely related to lizards. They can detect vibrations, and some can sense changes in temperature.
  
  

Chelonia

• Turtles have a hard protective shell. Most live on land or must return to land to lay their eggs.
  
  

Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles)

• These creatures live mostly in the water and are generally the largest of the reptiles.
  
  

The crocodilians are thought to be the closest living relative of the dinosaurs among reptiles. Along with birds, dinosaurs and crocodilians are descendants of a group of ancient reptiles known as the thecodonts. Snakes, lizards, and turtles appear to have evolved separately from the thecodonts.

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article : You Know, Just Time Has Newborn Dolphins Are Active 24/7

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com

Scientists have discovered that baby dolphins and infant orcas are insomniacs. The newborn cetaceans remain active around the clock for the first month of their lives. As a result, their mothers are deprived of sleep as well. Gradually, over the course of several months, the newborns and their mothers both increase their sleep time until they reach a normal level of sleep.

There may be significant advantages to young cetaceans that remain active for the first few weeks after birth. Constant activity may reduce the dangers posed by predators—by not sleeping, the young simply do not let their guard down. It may also help to maintain high body temperature until the young animal can pack on a sufficient layer of blubber. Additionally, the young cetaceans must surface more frequently than adults to breathe and staying awake all night may ensure they are better able to surface as much as is needed. Finally, the extended period of wakefullness may enable the young cetaceans a period of rapid growth and development.

Dr. Jerome Siegel, professor-in-residence at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA and chief of neurobiology research at the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System described the findings and their implications:

"Somehow these seafaring mammals have found a way to cope with sleep deprivation, facilitating rather than hindering a crucial phase of development for their offspring. Their bodies have found a way to cope, offering evidence that sleep isn't necessary for development and raising the question of whether humans and other mammals have untapped physiological potential for coping without sleep."

The research project was conducted by a group of neuroscientists from UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System. The team observed two adult female killer whales and their calves and four dolphins and their calves; all of the animals that were studied were observed in captivity.

Find out more: Behavioral Aspects of Sleep in Bottlenose Dolphin Mothers and Their Calves (UCLA)

Photo © Debra McGuire / iStockphoto.

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article : Are you know, What the Sexusl Dimorphism?

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com

Question: What is Sexual Dimorphism?

Answer: Sexual dimorphism is the difference in form between male and female members of the same species. Sexual dimorphism includes differences in size, coloration, or body structure between the sexes. For example, the male northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) has a bright red plumage while the female has a duller plumage. Male lions (Panthera leo) have a mane, female lions do not. Below are some additional examples of sexual dimorphism:

• Male elk (Cervus canadensis) grow antlers, while female elk do not have antlers.
• Male elephant seals (Mirounga sp.) develop an elongated snout and fleshy nose that they inflate as a sign of aggression when competing with other males during the mating season.
• Male birds of paradise (Family Paradisaeidae) are noted for their elaborate plumage and complex mating dances. Females are far less ornate.

In most cases when size differences exist between the male and female of a species, it is the male that is the larger of the two sexes. But in a few species, such as birds of prey and owls, it is the female is the larger of the sexes and such a size difference is referred to as reverse sexual dimorphism. One rather extreme case of reverse sexual dimorphism exists in a species of deepwater anglerfish called the triplewart seadevils (Cryptopsaras couesii). The female triplewart seadevil grows much larger than the male and develops the characteristic illicium that serves as a lure to prey. The male, about one tenth the size of the female, attaches itself to the female as a parasite.

Sources

• Folkens, P. 2002. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopff.
• Sexual Dimorphism. 2007 (Accessed online). Wikipedia.

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article : Eukaryote, define and content

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com
Definition: n. Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material) as well as membrane-bound organelles. Genetic material in eukaryotes is contained within a nucleus within the cell and DNA is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or single-celled organisms. All animals are eukaryotes. Other eukaryotes include plants, fungi, and protists.

Sources:

• Burnie, D. and D.E. Wilson. 'Animal'. Dorling Kindersley. London. 2001.
• Keeton, W.T. and J.L. Gould. 'Biological Science (4th Edition)'. W.W. Norton & Co Ltd. New York. 1986.

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article : More Study of Comparing Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells from Differences in Cell Structure

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com

All living organisms can be sorted into one of two groups depending on the fundamental structure of their cells. These two groups are the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. This means the genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. Additionally, the DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, DNA is a single loop. In Eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes. Most prokaryotes are made up of just a single cell (unicellular) but there are a few that are made of collections of cells (multicellular). Scientists have divided the prokaryotes into two groups, the Bacteria and the Archaea.

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material) as well as membrane-bound organelles. Genetic material in eukaryotes is contained within a nucleus within the cell and DNA is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or single-celled organisms. All animals are eukaryotes. Other eukaryotes include plants, fungi, and protists.

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article : Population Biology in Growth and Regulation

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com

Populations are groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time. Populations, like individual organisms, have unique attributes such as:

• growth rate
• age structure
• sex ratio
• mortality rate

Populations change over time due to births, deaths, and the dispersal of individuals between separate populations. When resources are plentiful and environmental conditions appropriate, populations can increase rapidly. A population's ability to increase at its maximum rate under optimal conditions is called its biotic potential. Biotic potential is represented the letter r when used in mathematical equations.

In most instances, resources are not unlimited and environmental conditions are not optimal. Climate, food, habitat, water availability, and other factors keep population growth in check due to environmental resistance. The environment can only support a limited number of individuals in a population before some resource runs out or limits the survival of those individuals. The number of individuals that a particular habitat or environment can support is referred to as the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is represented by the letter K when used in mathematical equations.

Populations can sometimes be categorized by their growth characteristics. Species whose populations increase until they reach the carrying capacity of their environment and then level off are referred to as K-selected species. Species whose populations increase rapidly, often exponetially, quickly filling available environments, are referred to as r-selected species.

Characteristics of K-selected species include:

• late maturation
• fewer, larger young
• longer life spans
• more parental care
• intense competition for resources

Characteristics of r-selected species include:

• early maturation
• numerous, smaller young
• shorter life spans
• less parental care
• little competition for resources

Some environmental and biological factors can influence a population differently depending on its density. If population density is high, such factors become increasingly limiting on the success of the population. For example, if individuals are cramped in a small area, disease may spread faster than it would if population density were low. Factors that are affected by population density are referred to as density-dependent factors.

There are also density-independent factors which affect populations regardless of their density. Examples of density-independent factors might include a change in temperature such as an extraordinarily cold or dry winter.

Another limiting factor on populations is intraspecific competition which occurs when individuals within a population compete with one another to obtain the same resources. Sometimes intraspecific competition is direct, for example when two individuals vie for the same food, or indirect, for example when one individual's action alters and possibly harms the environment of another individual.

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article : How We Know The Working zoologist ?

Five Career Twists for Animal and Wildlife Enthusiasts

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com

Do you ever wonder how to employ your love of animals and wildlife? Many zoologists and wildlife enthusiasts participate in research or teach at universities. While these careers are rewarding and enjoyable, they are not for everyone. If you would like to expand your job horizons beyond the university setting, here are five career options for you to consider.

1. Zookeeper

A zookeeper, employed by a zoo or aquarium, is responsible for caring for animals and their enclosures. A zookeeper's activities include preparing meals, cleaning enclosures, and monitoring animal behavior. Depending on the animal in question, a zookeeper might also groom and exercise animals.

2. Animal and Wildlife Educator

Zoos, aquariums, parks, and museums employ educators and program developers to create a variety of materials—brochures, videos, guided tours, exhibits—to educate visitors about animals and wildlife. Opportunities range from volunteer positions to full-time staff positions. As an educator, you can also create content for books, magazines, newspapers, and web-media.

3. Zoo Curator

Zoo curators are responsible for the acquisition of animals. Zoos acquire animals primarily through captive breeding programs. Occasionally, animals are traded among zoos or, on rare occasions, collected from the wild. The collection, trade, and transport of animals is regulated by government agencies; consequently the zoo curator acts as a liaison between these agencies and the zoo. Additionally, the zoo curator plays a role in the administration of zoo functions and captive breeding programs.

4. Wildlife Rehabilitator

Wildlife rehabilitation is the process of caring for ill, injured or orphaned wild animals and releasing them back in to their habitat once able to care for themselves. A wildlife rehabilitator often steps in when human activity has caused harm to wildlife: oil spills, lumbering activity, trapping, hunting. Rehabilitators must acquire permits from state and federal wildlife agencies before they can possess or handle wildlife.

5. Animal Behaviorist

Animal behaviorists train zoologists and other zoo employees how to interact with and successfully care for animals. Animal behaviorists are often trained in ethology--the study of animal behavior--and have experience working first-hand with animals.

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article : Defining Zoology and Study in Science

Understanding the Science and Study of Animals

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com

Zoology is the study of animals, a complex discipline that draws upon a diverse body of scientific observation and theory. It can be broken down into numerous sub-disciplines: ornithology (the study of birds), primatology (the study of primates), ichthyology (the study of fish), and entomology (the study of insects), to name a few. As a whole, zoology encompasses a fascinating and important body of knowledge that enables us to better understand animals, wildlife, our environment, and ourselves

To embark upon the task of defining zoology, we explore the following three questions: (1) How do we study animals? (2) How do we name and classify animals? and (3) How do we organize the knowledge we acquire about animals?

How do we study animals?

Zoology, like all areas of science, is shaped by the scientific method. The scientific method--a series of steps that scientists take in order to acquire, test, and characterize the natural world--is the process by which zoologists study animals.

How do we name and classify animals?

Taxonomy, the study of the classification and nomenclature of living things, enables us to assign names to animals and to group them into meaningful categories. Living things are classified into a hierarchy of groups, the highest level being the kingdom, followed by the phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. There are five kingdoms of living things: plants, animals, fungi, monera, and protista. Zoology, the study of animals, focuses on those organisms in the animal kingdom.

How do we organize our knowledge of animals?

Zoological information can be organized into a hierarchy of topics that focus on different levels of organization: the molecular or cellular level, the individual organism level, the population level, the species level, the community level, the ecosystem level, and so forth. Each level aims to decribe animal life from a different perspective

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article : Understanding and Content the Study of Animals

An Introduction to Zoology

By Laura Klappenbach, About.com

Zoology is the study of animals (Gr. zoon, animal + logos, to study). This sounds like a simple definition, but upon further clarification, the "study of animals" turns out to be a broad and complex subject matter. The "study of animals" calls upon many other scientific disciplines including:

• biology
• chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology
• genetics
• population biology
• evolution and paleontology
• comparative anatomy
• ethology
• ecology, biogeography, and conservation biology

Like all forms of life on our planet, animals have changed over the course of millions of years. To help in the understanding of our planet's history, time is broken down into the following units (in order of descending duration):

• Eon
• Era
• Period
• Epoch

The three eons of Earth's history include the Archean Eon (4600 - 2500 Ma YBP*), the Proterozoic Eon (2500-590 Ma YBP), and the Phanerozoic Eon (590-0 Ma YBP). The Phanerozoic Eon differs from the preceeding Archean and Proterozoic Eons by a sharp increase in the diversity of multicellular lifeforms. During Phanerozoic Eon, notable events in animal evolution include:

• First vertebrates appeared (Paleozoic Era, Cambrian Period)
• Fishes and invertebrates diversified (Paleozoic Era, Ordovician Period)
• First terrestrial plants and animals (Paleozoic Era, Silurian Period)
• First amphibians (Paleozoic Era, Devonian Period)
• First reptiles (Paleozoic Era, Carboniferous Period)
• Insects and reptiles diversify (Paleozoic Era, Permian Period)
• Reptiles diversify, first dinosaurs (Mesozoic Era, Triassic Period)
• First mammals, first birds, dinosaurs dominate then mass extinction event (Mesozoic Era, Jurassic Period)
• Origin of human family (Cenozoic Era, Tertiary Period, Pliocene Epoch)

* Please note: The notation 'Ma YBP' indicates "million years before present".

A fundamental requirement for the study of animals, is a classification system; a way of assigning names and illustrating relatedness between animals. This naming system, called bionomial nomenclature assigns a two-part name to each organism (this naming convention is applied to all lifeforms, not just animals). The two-part name is based on the organism's genus and species (the two most granular levels of classification). The full classification of an organism includes its placement into the following heirarchy (groups listed below in order of ascending specificity):

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

The body of scientific fact and theory that comprises zoology, like all other sciences, has been acquired (and continues to expand) by the application of the scientific method. The scientific method is an approach to gathering, interpretting, and applying facts and observations to expand our knowledge of the world around us. The scientific method is a process consisting of the following basic steps:

1. Make observations
2. Formulate hypothesis (or question)
3. Design an experiment (that will answer the question)
4. Perform experiment and collect data
5. Interpret data
6. Form conclusions

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article : Scale (zoology) in Calssification System

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Keeled scales of a colubrid snake (Buff-striped Keelback; Amphiesma stolatum)

In most biological nomenclature, a scale (Greek lepid, Latin squama) is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function.

Scales are generally classified as part of an organism's integumentary system. There are various types of scales according to shape and to class of animal.

Fish scales

Scales of Rohu (Labeo rohita)

Fish scales are dermally derived, specifically in the mesoderm. This fact distiguishes them from reptile scales paleontologically.

Cosmoid scales

True cosmoid scales can only be found on the extinct Crossopterygians. The inner layer of the scale is made of lamellar bone. On top of this lies a layer of spongy or vascular bone and then a layer of dentinelike material called cosmine. The upper surface is keratin. The coelacanth has modified cosmoid scales that lack cosmine and are thinner than true cosmoid scales.

Ganoid scales

Ganoid scales can be found on gars (family Lepisosteidae) and bichirs and reedfishes (family Polypteridae). Ganoid scales are similar to cosmoid scales, but a layer of ganoin lies over the cosmine layer and under the enamel. They are diamond-shaped, shiny, and hard.

Placoid scales

Placoid scales are found on cartilaginous fish and sharks. These scales, also called denticles, are similar in structure to teeth.

Leptoid scales

Leptoid scales are found on the higher bony fishes and come in two forms, ctenoid and cycloid scales.

As they grow, cycloid and ctenoid scales add concentric layers. The scales of bony fishes are laid so as to overlap in a head-to-tail direction, a little like roof tiles, allowing a smoother flow of water over the body and therefore reducing drag.

[edit] Cycloid scales Cycloid scales have a smooth outer edge, and are most common on more primitive fish with soft fin rays, such as salmon and carp.

[edit] Ctenoid scales Ctenoid scales have a toothed outer edge, and are usually found on more derived fishes with spiny fin rays, such as bass and crappie.

Reptilian scales

Main article: Reptile scales

Reptile scale types include: cycloid, granular (which appear bumpy), and keeled (which have a center ridge).

The scales of all reptiles have an epidermal component (what one sees on the surface), but many lizards have osteoderms underlying the epidermal scale, as do crocodilians and turtles. Snakes, tuataras and many lizards lack osteoderms. All reptilian scales have a dermal papilla underlying the epidermal part, and it is there that the osteoderms, if present, would be formed.

Arthropod scales

Scales on the wing of a Heath Fritillary (Melitaea athalia)

Butterflies and moths - the order Lepidoptera (Greek "scale-winged") - have membranous wings covered in delicate, powdery scales, which are modified setae. Each scale consists of a series of tiny stacked platelets of organic material, and butterflies tend to have the scales broad and flattened, while moths tend to have the scales narrower and more hair-like. Scales are frequently pigmented, but some types of scales are metallic, or iridescent, without pigments; because the thickness of the platelets is on the same order as the wavelength of visible light the plates lead to structural coloration and iridescence through the physical phenomenon described as thin-film optics. The most common color produced in this fashion is blue, such as in the Morpho butterflies. Other colors can be seen on the Sunset moth.

Bibliography

• Kardong, Kenneth V. (1998). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, second edition, USA: McGraw-Hill, 747 pp.. ISBN 0-07-115356-X/0-697-28654-1.
  

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article : Zoology and Taxonomy System

Zoology (from Greek: ζῴον, zoion, "animal"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals.

Name

The pronunciation of "zoology" is /zoʊˈɑləʤɪ/; however, an alternative pronunciation is /zuˈɑləʤɪ/.^[1] Traditionally (and more properly), the word was pronounced with the first syllable rhyming with "toe", followed by "-ology". Recently, it has become more common to pronounce the first syllable as "zoo". The word zoology originates from the Greek zoion, meaning animal, and logos, meaning study.

Subfields of zoology

The study of animal life is, of course, ancient: but as 'zoology' it is relatively modern, for what we call biology was known as 'natural history' at the start of the nineteenth century. During the lifetime of Charles Darwin natural history turned from a gentlemanly pursuit to a modern scientific activity. Zoology as we know it was first established in German and British universities. The institution of zoology training in British universities was mainly established by Thomas Henry Huxley. His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals: he was himself the greatest comparative anatomist of the second half of the nineteenth century. His courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes; and his system became widely spread.

There was much left out by Huxley, especially the study of animals in their environment, which had been the main stimulus for both Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace (who both came up with the idea of natural selection). The fact that neither Darwin nor Wallace ever held a university teaching post may have contributed to this rather startling omission. Gradually Huxley's comparative anatomy was supplemented by other much-needed methods. The field of zoology in the twentieth century mainly comprised these approaches:

1. Comparative anatomy studies the structure of animals.
2. The physiology of animals is studied under various fields including anatomy and embryology
3. The common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants is studied in molecular biology, molecular genetics and developmental biology
4. Ethology is the study of animal behavior.
5. The ecology of animals is covered under behavioral ecology and other fields
6. Evolutionary biology of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction.
7. Systematics, cladistics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, biogeography and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.
8. The various taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as mammalogy, herpetology, ornithology identify and classify species, and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups. Entomology is the study of insects, by far the largest group of animals.
9. Palaeontology, including all that may be learnt of ancient environments.

Systems of classification

Main article: Scientific classification

Morphography includes the systematic exploration and tabulation of the facts involved in the recognition of all the recent and extinct kinds of animals and their distribution in space and time. (1) The museum-makers of old days and their modern representatives the curators and describers of zoological collections, (2) early explorers and modern naturalist travelers and writers on zoo-geography, and (3) collectors of fossils and palaeontologists are the chief varieties of zoological workers coming under this heading. Gradually, since the time of Hunter and Cuvier, anatomical study has associated itself with the more superficial morphography until today no one considers a study of animal form of any value which does not include internal structure, histology and embryology in its scope.

The real dawn of zoology after the legendary period of the Middle Ages is connected with the name of an Englishman, Edward Edward Wotton, born at Oxford in 1492, who practised as a physician in London and died in 1555. He published a treatise De differentiis animalium at Paris in 1552. In many respects Wotton was simply an exponent of Aristotle, whose teaching, - with various fanciful additions, constituted the real basis of zoological knowledge throughout the Middle Ages. It was Wotton's merit that he rejected the legendary and fantastic accretions, and returned to Aristotle and the observation of nature.

The most ready means of noting the progress of zoology during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries is to compare Aristotle's classificatory conceptions of successive.

History

Main articles: History of zoology (before Darwin) and History of zoology (since Darwin)

Notable zoologists

Main article: List of zoologists

In alphabetical order by surname:

• Louis Agassiz (malacology, ichthyology)
• Aristotle
• David Attenborough
• Henry Walter Bates (Batesian mimicry, Amazon)
• Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
• William H. Cade (Evolution of insect mating behavior)
• Rachel Carson (marine biologist)
• Archie Carr (Herpetology, esp. sea turtles)
• Archie Carr III, (wild mammals)
• Eugenie Clark (Ichthyology)
• Jeff Corwin (herpetology)
• Georges Cuvier (founder of comparative morphology)
• Charles Darwin (theory of evolution, natural selection)
• Richard Dawkins (ethology, evolutionary biology)
• James R. Dixon (Herpetology)
• George A. Feldhamer (mammalogy)
• William Flower (mammals)
• Edmund Brisco Ford (ecological genetics)
• Dian Fossey (primatology)
• Birutė Galdikas (primatology)
• Jane Goodall (primatology)
• Harry W. Greene (Herpetology)
• Arthur Davis Hasler (limnology, ichthyology, salmon homing)
• Victor Hensen (planktology)
• Julian Huxley (evolutionary synthesis, humanism, World Wildlife Fund, UNESCO)
• Thomas Henry Huxley (evolution, agnosticism, science education)
• Libbie Hyman (invertebrate zoology)
• Steve Irwin (herpetology)
• William Kirby (father of entomology)
• Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke (ornithology, herpetology)
• E. Ray Lankester (zoology and comparative anatomy)
• Carolus Linnaeus (father of systematics)
• Konrad Lorenz (ethology)
• David W. Macdonald (wild mammals)
• John Maynard Smith (evolutionary biology, genetics)
• Ernst Mayr (evolutionary biology)
• Montgomery Montgomery (Herpetology)
• Fritz Müller (evolutionary biology, Müllerian mimicry, Brazil)
• Desmond Morris (ethology)
• Ron Nowak (wild mammals)
• Richard Owen (vertebrate palaeontology, dinosaurs, Natural History Museum)
• Roger Tory Peterson (ornithology)
• Eric Pianka (herpetologist)
• William Emerson Ritter (marine biology)
• Thomas Say (entomology)
• Shen Kuo (medieval Chinese zoologist)
• Su Song (medieval Chinese zoologist)
• Jakob van Uexküll (animal behavior, invertebrate zoology)
• Ernest P. Walker (wild mammals)
• Alfred Russel Wallace (natural selection, zoogeography, animal colouration, Amazon, East Indies)
• John Werler (Herpetology)
• E.O. Wilson (entomology, especially ants, founder of sociobiology)
• Robert Broom
• Austin Stevens (herpetology, especially snakes and other serpents.

See also

• Zoological distribution
• Zootomy - the study of animal anatomy or animal dissection
• Cryptozoology - the pseudoscientific study of hidden or unknown animals
• Palaeontology
• Oceanography
• Entomology - the area of biology which studies insects
• Botany - the area of biology which studies plants
• Microtomy
• List of zoologists
• Important Publications in Zoology
• Anthrozoology
• Animals in Buddhism
• Islam and animals

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org

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