Journal : The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

Volume 11 Issue 3 Page 296-310, March 2008

To cite this article: Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Richard D. Bardgett, Nico M. van Straalen (2008) The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems
Ecology Letters 11 (3) , 296–310 doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01139.x

Abstract

REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS

The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

• Marcel G. A. van der Heijden^1,2*¹Department of Animal Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands²Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland*E-mail: marcel.vanderheijden@art.admin.ch
• Richard D. Bardgett³³Soil and Ecosystem Ecology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK and
• Nico M. van Straalen¹¹Department of Animal Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

• ¹Department of Animal Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  ²Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
  ³Soil and Ecosystem Ecology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK

*E-mail: marcel.vanderheijden@art.admin.ch

Abstract

Microbes are the unseen majority in soil and comprise a large portion of life’s genetic diversity. Despite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil microbes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant productivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nutrient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for c. 5–20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living microbes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynamics and plant diversity, determining plant abundance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.

This article is cited by:

• Gerlinde B. De Deyn, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen and Richard D. Bardgett. (2008) Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes. Ecology Letters 11:5, 516–531
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