NOVA: JOURNEY TO PLANET EARTH Ecosystem Disruption and Emerging Infectious Diseases | |||||
DISEASE | PATHOGEN | GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION** | HOST, SOURCE or RESERVOIR | VECTOR | ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTION |
Malaria | Plasmodium spp. (protozoa) | Lake Victoria, East Africa --Kenya, Uganda Tanzania (endemic)
Nairobi, Kenya (epidemic)
Peruvian mountain jungles & Iquitos, Peru (epidemic: increase from 1500 cases/yr to 165,000) | Mosquitos & infected humans; Mosquito larvae in water sources | Anopheles (mosquito) | Endemic in tropical & subtropical rural zones; Rural fishing economy in decline due to raw sewage, agricultural runoff, overfishing Mobilization to urban areas; People bring malarial parasite and mosquitoes; Lack of sanitation & clean water Clear cutting forests & Overcrowding in urban areas with adjacent agriculture provide ideal conditions for breeding mosquitoes |
Dengue Fever | Dengue Virus Flavivirus | Iquitos, Peru | Humans, monkeys | Aedes aegypti ('urbanized' mosquito) | Human encroachment Mosquito breeds in stagnant water found in manmade containers |
Cholera | Vibrio cholerae (bacteria) | Bay of Bengal Dakka, Bangladesh (endemic)
Coastal fishing village to Lima, Peru (1991) to S.America to N.America (epidemic) | Water contaminated with human feces; Zooplankton (copepods) carry the bacteria (symbiosis) | None | Monsoons (floods); Increases in water temperature with plankton blooms; Overcrowding In Peru, El nino of 1990-92 warmed waters; Lack of sanitation and clean drinking water; Subsequent travel, commerce & tourism spread disease |
Yellow Fever | Yellow Fever Virus Flavivirus | Peru | Humans, monkeys | Aedes aegypti ('yellow fever' mosquito) | Human encroachment (ecotourism, airtravel, commerce); People move virus and mosquitoes to other parts of the world; Mosquito breeds in stagnant water found in manmade containers |
Oyster diseases(e.g., dermo, MSX)
Lesions & death in fish; Diarrhea & memory loss in humans | Perkinsus marinus (dermo) Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) (both protozoa) Pfiesteria (toxic algae) and terrestial-source fungi?? | Chesapeake Bay Crisfield, Maryland
| Brackish warm water | None known | Runoff of land-based pollution?? (agricultural wastes, sewage, pesticides, industrial effluents, etc.) |
West Nile Fever (Encephalitis) | West Nile Virus Arbovirus | Africa to New York to contiguous United States | Birds (crows, blue jays, raptors, etc.) | Mosquito | Air travel with stowaway virus-carrying insects?? |
NOTE: The last 30 years has seen an upsurge in waterborne and insectborne diseases. Estimates of 250 million cases of water-related diarrhea annually with 3-5 million deaths per year (20-30,000 per day), the majority of whom are children. Lack of clean drinking water and basic public hygiene and sanitation practices are at the root of the problem.
Designed & Maintained by David M. Rollins
Copyright © 2000, D.M. Rollins and S.W. Joseph
Revised: September 2003
URL: http://life.umd.edu
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